As a natural working fluid, CO2 has been widely applied in refrigeration systems where heat is conventionally released to ambient through external airflow.
In addition, the heat transfer rate to the ambient atmosphere by convective airflow through the passive heat removal system under off-normal conditions was estimated to reach 87.4%.
The heat transfer rate to the ambient atmosphere by convective airflow through the passive heat removal system of the concrete storage cask was found to reach 93.5% under normal conditions.
The airflow rate and ambient temperature were controlled by a wind tunnel.
Tested variables were mode of flow (saturated or percolating), type of media (none, gravel, Bionest and AnoxKaldnes K3), type of air (ambient or CO2-enriched) and airflow rate.
The experiments were carried out using a continuous single pass system setup with three different types of TiO2 catalysts at high airflow rate and ambient indoor air temperature and humidity levels.
The model is validated against experimental data of a similar tunnel in Mathura (India), and is then used to predict the tube-extracted temperature for various parameters such as humidity variations of circulating air, airflow rate and ambient air temperature.
Performance task: task description and performance outcomes, ambient temperature, relative humidity, rate of airflow, intensity and duration, where applicable.
However, the cooling capability of NDACC is generally impaired by ambient winds, which incur the unbalanced airflow distributions through the condenser cells.
