Next to altered growth and adipocyte function, altered appetite control may be a key factor in developmental programming of obesity.
ED has been speculated to be a key element in body-weight regulation because it may alter appetite control signals (i.e. hunger and satiety).
Hence, further research is needed to understand the underlying biological mechanisms that alter appetite and food intake in different subtypes of depression.
On the other hand, there is also evidence that chronic sleep disruption may alter appetite regulation by changing levels of hormones such as leptin and ghrelin [ 17, 18].
A number of symptoms were not actively asked about by the gynaecologist but were occasionally reported by the woman such as weight gain, altered appetite, altered libido and sleep disturbances (data not shown).
Depression can be manifested as a combination of a wide variety of symptoms: loss of interest, depressed mood, psychic anxiety, somatic anxiety, altered appetite, altered sleep, painful symptoms, etc. [ 1].
Sleep deprivation may alter appetite regulation, reducing levels of leptin and increasing ghrelin and leading to increased appetite, with increases in self-reported appetite and in preference for carbohydrate in such a setting (65).
To achieve weight loss, bariatric surgery procedures force modification of eating behavior and alter appetite regulation via surgical restriction of food intake, inducing nutrient malabsorption, and producing favorable changes in gut peptides/hormones [ 1].
Moreover, structural changes due to dementia may lead to hypothalamic dysfunction [35] and hypometabolism of the cingulate or hypothalamus [36], both of which may alter appetite control and energy metabolism [37].
To evaluate whether differences in body weight observed after perinatal BPA exposure are related to altered appetite regulation, we measured food intake of perinatally BPA-exposed and control rats on the standard chow or the high-fat diet from week 8 to week 14.
