Critics have also charged that the EU's increase in funding to restrict migration over land and fortify land borders has contributed to the increase in migrants seeking dangerous alternative passages, and has also led to a heightened reliance on human traffickers.
In the school children's group discussions, all girls were not in favor of FGM/C and were in acceptance of alternative rite passage (ARP).
Thanks to the accidental survival in Lucretius' book 4 of two alternative programmatic passages for the book, we can work out that what we call book 4 was initially planned to come directly after book 2, a sequence of topics which would have exactly reproduced Epicurus' own in On nature, and that it was only in a later phase that he reorganised his material so that our book 3 came to intervene.
The obvious — though extremely unpopular — alternative is the passage of a preventive detention statute.
Opponents may also try to delay its alternative route to passage by a simple majority of the General Assembly.
The proposed 178-mile waterway seeks to rival the Panama canal by offering an alternative Atlantic-Pacific passage which cuts voyage times.
The availability of alternative rites of passage to adulthood is also having an impact, according to Hussein, the deputy county commissioner.
Maendeleo ya Wanawake Organisation, a Kenyan women's NGO, offers "circumcision through words", an alternative rite of passage without the bloodshed.A bigger trend is medicalisation.
And stand-alone interventions, such as setting up rescue centres or introducing alternative rites of passage, have not been enough to alter deeply imbedded attitudes that put a high premium on girls' sexual reputations and premarital virginity.
Nice Nailantei Leng'ete tells us about the work she is doing in Kenya to bring about alternative rites of passage ceremonies to replace FGM.
