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Alternate cell types have significantly less PERK expression indicating decreased dependence on this kinase.
Thus, improvement of function is not tantamount of myocardial regeneration, and if such a regeneration remains the primary objective, it is worth considering alternate cell types able to generate new cardiac cells that will be electromechanically coupled with the host cardiomyocytes.
The ability of cells to generate alternate cell types whose phenotype is different from that of the source tissue is known as plasticity.
The second way cellular heterogeneity may confound psychiatric epigenetic studies is a dilution of observed disease effects by alternate cell types not exhibiting the disease effect.
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Obligatory cooperative communities showed substantial population intermixing as suggested by alternating cell types in top-views (C, 6× magnification insets in experiments) and patchy cross-section patterns (F ).
The defining feature of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae (and the genus Bacillus in particular) is the ability to form a specialized alternate cell type, the spore, which can withstand a wide range of environmental stresses, including toxic chemicals, heat, ultraviolet radiation and microbial predation [ 1- 4].
In hemp, the stem's cambium gives rise to secondary phloem fibres alternating with other cell types of the secondary phloem.
However, a series of recent fate mapping studies using different epithelial and mesenchymal tags showed no evidence of epithelial precursors to myofibroblasts in the kidney and liver suggesting an alternate precursor cell type or that the role of the epithelium in fibrogenesis may be organ or disease specific [64, 73 77].
This result emphasizes the need for a method to control or direct differentiation of iPS towards cardiac progenitor cells before transplantation to avoid the formation of teratomas or alternate and undesired cell types [21].
Like S. pombe (Klar 2007), S. japonicus cells alternate between two cell types, called P (plus)and M (minus), which are controlled by the mat1-P and mat1-M alleles, respectively, of the mating-type (mat1) locus (Furuya and Niki 2009; Rhind et al. 2011; Yu et al. 2013).
At higher magnification of the airway epithelium, staining appeared to be present in alternating cells, consistent with the alternating ciliated and secretory phenotypes of airway epithelium [ 28, 45], although cilia or other distinguishing features of either cell type could not be identified with certainty.
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