The involvement of visceral fat can be diffuse, with diffuse alterations involving the mesentery or the retroperitoneal fat (Fig. 13).
Other coloration changes in courting fishes are short-term alterations involving melanophores, which cause rapid colour changes.
Extensive bone alterations involving all the tarsal bones with important areas of ostelysis associated with areas of osteosclerosis.
The progression of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) to carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) encompasses several genomic alterations involving complex pathways.
Congenital hip dysplasia (or developmental hip dysplasia) consists of an abnormal development of the hip joint characterized by anatomical alterations involving both the acetabulum and the femur.
To understand the processes involved, it is necessary to unravel signalling pathways, complex interaction networks and metabolic alterations involving a plethora of anatomical components.
Given the highly complex pattern of genetic alterations which, in advanced tumors, may also involve members of the FA family of genes, these limited observations cannot answer the question whether alterations involving FA genes in a given tumor act as driver or passenger mutations.
New insights into the nature and biology of ER have revealed several mechanisms sustaining altered ER signaling in endocrine-resistant tumors, including deregulated growth factor receptor signaling that results in ligand-independent ER activation, unbalanced ER co-regulator activity, and genomic alterations involving the ER gene ESR1.
RAE identified multiple alterations involving genes with known or putative roles in adipocyte differentiation.
Candidate precursor lesions include dysplasia [13], hyperplasia [14], and more subtle alterations involving cellular or nuclear "atypia" [15], [16].
In addition to genetic alterations involving mutations of oncogenes and TSGs, carcinogenic progression from benign neoplasm to adenocarcinoma can occur through epigenetic changes in gene promoters [5].
