The alterations in osteoarthritic cartilage are numerous and involve morphologic and metabolic changes in chondrocytes, as well as biochemical and structural alterations in the extracellular matrix macromolecules.
The alterations in OA cartilage are numerous and involve morphologic and synthetic changes in chondrocytes as well as biochemical and structural alterations in the extracellular matrix macromolecules [ 1].
These secondary effects of ROS could be similar to the alterations in macromolecules observed in other stress conditions, such as heat stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (induced by accumulation of misfolded proteins), or UV-induced DNA damage.
This allows the unlike polymer macromolecule to accommodate in the mixed state without significant alterations in the overall hydrophilic or hydrophobic environment.
Changes in the light scattering intensity (LSI) of polymer solutions are indicative of alterations in the molecular weight and/or in the radius of gyration, i.e., the dimensions and shape of the macromolecules.
Because melanin is a mixture of negatively charged hydrophobic macromolecules and is abundant on the conidial surface, mutations in melanin biosynthesis could lead to significant alterations in the morphology and cell surface properties.
However, later studies found that mitochondria in many tumour cell types are functional [ 21– 23] and it is now clear that the alterations in the uptake and metabolism of different nutrients are critical for meeting both the bioenergetics needs of tumour cells and more importantly the increased requirement for biosynthesis of macromolecules.
In addition to other detection methods, LSI technique provides a convenient tool to study radiation-induced alterations in macromolecules as a function of time after the pulse.
The physiological actions, volume expansion properties, as well as potential morbidities of these solutions are determined by multiple factors which include oncotic pressure, molecular weight, half-life of degradation, chemical alteration of the macromolecules, and their tissue accumulations [60],[60].
Further, ozonation can result in the release of compounds that are trapped in the macromolecules.
