The loss, alteration and fragmentation of faunal habitat affects the ability of species to persist in the landscape.
The removal, alteration and fragmentation of habitat in many parts of the world has led to a loss of biodiversity.
Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide due to a number of environmental and human factors with habitat destruction, alteration and fragmentation considered to be the primary cause.
The alteration and fragmentation of natural habitats has resulted in increased rates of nest predation and poor reproductive success for many bird species.
Urban sprawl has led over wide areas to alteration and fragmentation of so many ecosystem types that it becomes essential to consider biodiversity conservation in urban planning.
Linear infrastructures such as railways and roads are known to have major negative impacts on species and ecosystem dynamics, modifying landscape structure through artificialization, habitat changes, alteration and fragmentation.
Urban development increasingly occupies more landscape and is responsible for habitat alteration and fragmentation of so many ecosystems that urban environments can no longer be excluded from the areas to be considered in conservation strategies.
Species suffer from a suite of threats including habitat destruction, alteration and fragmentation, introduced species, over-exploitation, climate change, UV-B radiation, chemical contaminants, diseases and the synergisms among them.
It also showed: complete lesion of both anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL), alteration and fragmentation of the medial meniscus (MM), rupture of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and, finally, lateral subluxation of the patella.
Our data that the decrease of podocyte pH preceded mitochondrial alteration and fragmentation provide a link between IgG4-driven intracellular acidification and perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics.
