Exact(3)
Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal ecosystems at the sites of their placement, but may also produce larger-scale impacts through their alteration of ecological connectivity - the movement of organisms, materials and energy between habitat units within seascapes.
The application of this understanding is prediction of the likelihood of occurrence of injury to human health or to undesirable alteration of ecological balance.
Road effects have been widely studied and include biodiversity decline, environmental degradation, alteration of ecological processes and ecosystem services, and increases in both extinction and outbreak probabilities (Forman and Alexander 1998; Trombulak and Frissell 2000; Forman and others 2003; Fahrig and Rytwinski 2009).
Similar(57)
The speciation process may also be initiated by changes in just one or a few gene loci when these alterations result in a change of ecological niche or, in the case of parasites, a change of host.
These ecosystems, however, are usually affected by human activities, which may cause a loss and degradation of their ecological status, a decline of their biodiversity, an alteration of their ecological functioning, and a limitation of their ecosystem services.
At large scales, one of the clearest and most informative indicators of alteration of state and characteristics of ecological systems is land-cover change.
Except for global warming there is no more drastic human alteration of the physical and ecological landscape in the past 40 years.
Human-driven alteration of the Chaco strongly affects ecological patterns and associated processes at all spatial scales.
The alteration of the downstream hydrological regime is a well established cause of ecological degradation and its evaluation and rehabilitation is commonly required by recent legislation (as the Water Framework Directive in Europe).
Restoration and management actions guided by MMIBI will become increasingly prevalent with increased future alteration to global ecosystems, and this work provides important insight into how technological and quantitative advances will improve application of ecological indicators.
We accelerate landscape alteration and ecological perturbation by inserting ourselves and other species into novel regions of the world, leading to potentially irreversible changes in the biosphere.
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