However, to avoid the potential of false-negative results, the inference on model structure alone might be insufficient, as the deficits of SAD could be mediated by modulation differences and not by alterations in the model structure.
This confirms a mitochondrial alteration in the animal model and in patients.
In Additional files 2 and 3, it can be confirmed that the transitions t23 in z22 and z23 are both disabled (in grey), which reflects that no complex forming action occurs by the formula alteration in the mutant model.
It is also possible, as demonstrated by the presence of mitochondrial alteration in the mouse model and in the muscle of a patient with PKAN, that mitochondria play a relevant role or could be a concurrent cause in the pathogenic mechanism of the disease.
Indeed, functional and morphological alterations observed in the model of L-NAME-induced hypertension [ 79] were similar to those observed in mice, in which three NOS isoforms were disrupted, that is, n/i/eNOS−/− [ 80].
This reformation caused a significant alteration in the forecast models, which now indicated a landfall in Louisiana.
The fact that the elderly subjects were impaired in their ability to solve this task, but were able (see the preparatory session) to physically match the different stimuli, could thus be due to an alteration in the internal models (forward, inverse, or both) with age, probably compensated by feedback mechanisms during actual execution.
Taken together, these results could reflect the region-specificity of hippocampal versus para-hippocampal genetic alteration in the different models.
We chose both a mouse genetic model and a rat pharmacological model of elevated Vmax in order to increase the likelihood of observing reproducible effects by minimizing potential flaws/changes in a single model, such as developmental alterations in the genetic model, off-target modifications in the pharmacological model, or species effects that could be driving the observed changes.
Since our previous work also showed more severe alterations in the Ts65Dn model, that bears Dyrk1A in trisomy [27], [28], the present results support the notion that Dyrk1A is involved in spatial learning in a dosage-sensitive manner.
