With respect to the sympathetic nervous system, most cited articles report about the regulation of bone remodeling in adults through alteration in post-synaptic β-AR signaling [ 51, 82].
mRNA measured by RT-PCR can include active (ribosome associated) and non-active populations which can influence translational efficiency [ 20] and alteration in post-translational trafficking can affect the number of channels at active sites on the sarcolemma [ 19].
Gene mutations that cause cardiac dysfunction in adult Drosophila can result from abnormalities in cardiac development or alterations in post-developmental heart function.
These genes show highly restricted brain expression patterns (The Allen brain atlas, www.brain-map.org)[22], specifically in brain regions where morphological alterations in post-mortem brains of autism patients have been identified (e.g. cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus).
As the proteome-based approach can also pick up posttranslational modifications, tumor-related alterations in post-transcriptional processing of proteins may also result in neo-antigenicity of otherwise normal cellular proteins.
ER stress is triggered by different stress conditions such as alterations in post-translational protein status and lipid synthesis, hypoxia, disruption of calcium homeostasis and nutrient deprivation, and leads to the activation of an adaptive program, known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), to re-establish equilibrium [32].
This comparison illustrates clear alterations in post-translational modifications between yeast compared with other eukaryotic vertebrates – 18 sites in total.
We also found that alterations in post-synaptic proteins persisted at the end of the washout period.
In addition, multiple in vitro studies have revealed alterations in post-translational histone modifications arising as a consequence of ethanol exposure [ 10– 10].
Although circulating levels of GH are increased in CKD [ 8], its effects are blunted by reduced receptor numbers and alterations in post-receptor intracellular signalling pathways [ 6].
Additional comparative sequence analysis, of vertebrate eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 with yeast eEF1A, reveals clear evidence for alterations in post-translational modifications between them (Additional file 1).
