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Consequently, we expect only (1 − η) of the reference counts to come from reference states while η of the nonreference counts reflect genuine reference states.
The authors rely on the characteristics of the departures from the reference state to identify the candidate stressors.
The main challenges in defining and assessing hydrological alterations are: how to define a reference state (referencing); how to define criteria upon which to build mathematical indicators of alteration (measuring); and finally how to aggregate the indicators in a single evaluation index (valuing) that can serve as objective function in the optimization problem.
This suggests that the North Sea is a long way from the theoretical unexploited reference state.
Through clustering and comparison to reference states (derived from non-injured controls) this group elegantly proposed that patient state could be defined in multidimentional state space [ 12, 13].
Usually, the reference state is derived from external physical considerations [11], [51].
Strain was calculated by nuclei displacement (geometric center) from their coordinates imaged at 5 mmHg (reference state).
This issue is not surprising as the lin-log kinetics are derived from thermodynamics concepts and are in principle valid only around steady state (or reference state) [ 20].
Reference state.
Reference state, standard state.
thermodynamic environment (reference state).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com