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The proposed mechanism in which alterations in CP bias alter translation efficiency and it is this that inhibits virus replication introduces a conceptual model in which it is the virus that is intrinsically defective.
The simplest mechanism involves sRNA binding and occlusion of the RBS or start codon of a target mRNA [ 46] (Fig. 2A), however binding outside of this region can also alter translation [ 47– 48]. Figure 2A highlights several sRNA translational regulators and the natural genes they target such as IS10 RNA-OUT/RNA-IN [ 49], and sok/ hok [ 50].
Although only rs4680 encodes an amino acid change, the additional polymorphisms are predicted to cause changes in mRNA secondary structure and thus, alter translation of the gene.
This would alter translation efficiency and could confer preference for translation of specific mRNAs.
Among the other genes of the devR regulon, only two genes alter translation compared with possibly seven transcriptional regulators.
For instance, low concentrations of cycloheximide alter translation to promote cAMP-dependent morphological differentiation of rat C6 glioma cells (Liu et al., 2010).
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Alternatively, it may be that the tumors used in the current study are more "addicted" to altered translation initiation rates (due to increased numbers of altered signaling pathways or processes) than the Eμ-myc/PTEN tumors previously used [4], and hence respond to single agent treatment.
These data support altered translation and/or targeted degradation of Bcl2 protein between the genotypes.
MiRNAs regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by altering translation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into proteins.
Or, they can cause a structural change in RNA, altering translation efficacy, and thereby, leading to a change in ESR1 gene expression rate [22].
Deregulated translation initiation through elevated eIF4E levels and increased eIF4F activity has been repeatedly implicated in malignancy through the altered translation of pro-survival and pro-growth encoding mRNAs that contribute to oncogenesis [31], [32], angiogenesis [17], and chemoresistance [33].
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