These effects are dose-dependent, as concentrations below 3000 p.p.m. do not alter dopamine release, but 7000 p.p.m. toluene produces robust DA and norepinephrine release in the PFC and NAc.
In animal studies, lead has been shown to alter dopamine release, turnover, and receptor density (Cory-Slechta 1995, 1996, 1997; Zuch et al. 1998).
These findings extend a previous report of altered dopamine release and synaptic plasticity in striatal slice cultures from 3 months old Pink1 knock-out mice [16].
Heightened c-Fos activity in bed nucleus of stria terminalis, ventral, a component of a core maternal behavior circuitry [10], and LS (Table 1), a region involved in maternal defense (protection of offspring) [43], [44], could reflect altered dopamine release into these regions from ZI [45].
This effect may involve both inhibition of responses to group I mGluRs as well as altered dopamine release.
This is in agreement with previous studies describing normal dopaminergic phenotypes in PD iPSC‐derived DAn (Byers et al, 2011; Nguyen et al, 2011; Cooper et al, 2012; Rakovic et al, 2013; Reinhardt et al, 2013) with the exception of one Parkin study reporting altered dopamine release and uptake (Jiang et al, 2012).
Microinjection of neurotensin into the PFC has been found to alter dopamine cell firing and DA release [16], [42].
Levodopa administration did not alter striatal dopamine release differently in Tourette syndrome vs. controls.
KCNH7 is expressed in mammalian midbrain, where its blockade prolongs plateau potentials in bursting dopaminergic neurons and may in turn alter mesolimbic dopamine release (31).
Acutely, lead increases spontaneous dopamine release, inhibits depolarization-evoked dopamine release, decreases dopamine neuron spontaneous activity in vivo, and can alter dopamine-dependent behaviors (Cory-Slechta 1997; Minnema et al. 1986; Tavakoli-Nezhad et al. 2001).
Corazonin may be altering dopamine levels either at the level of synthesis, degradation, or release, the latter may, in part explain the failure to discern differences in dopamine levels in the brain.
