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Although RCA formation is commonly increased by hypoxia, RCA is also stimulated by a variety of edaphic stresses in maize, including low phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, high temperature and drought (Konings and Verschuren 1980; Drew et al. 1989; Kirk and van Du 1997; Przywara and Stepniewski 2000; Bouranis et al. 2003; Evans 2004; Fan et al. 2007; Zhu et al. 2010).
It is also stimulated by a decrease in the effective circulating volume, which is the part of the extracellular volume (ECV) that effectively perfuses the tissue [ 19].
The switch of RAB5-GTP back to the GDP-bound form is not only driven by the intrinsic GTPase activity of RAB5 but also stimulated by a GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
Excision of the ICE MISymR7A symbiosis island of M. loti strain R7A is also stimulated by a novel recombination directionality factor (RDF) called RdfS, which is encoded by the gene msi109 (Ramsay et al., 2006).
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MAGIC-5 cells were also stimulated by an electrical potential of 1.0 V; cell damage, proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by trypan blue staining, cell counting and in situ apoptosis detection, respectively.
NO and PGI2 (also stimulated by VEGF-A) are mediators of vasodilatation, anti-platelet, and anti-thrombotic effects and inhibitors of leucocyte adhesion.
Secretion was also stimulated by tolbutamide, confirming a functional role for KATP channels.
mTORC1 is also stimulated by amino acids through a pathway involving bidirectional transport of amino acids [ 8] and the Rag GTPase [ 9, 10].
The migration of HN-4 (p<0.001) and HN-5 (p<0.01) was also stimulated by HWF but to a lower degree, and there was no difference compared with HS.
GAG synthesis was also stimulated by TGF-β1, which is a known induction factor for the differentiation of stem cells to cartilage [ 17, 18].
IRF-1 is also stimulated by rIL-1β but to a much reduced level, and interestingly it had the same expression profile as when stimulated with IFN-γ with highest induction at 24 h.
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