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It is also involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine and of heme (a molecular constituent of hemoglobin) and in the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to the vitamin niacin.
It is also involved in the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, which are responsible for cartilage formation [17].
In addition, the aleurone layer is also involved in the synthesis of oxidase enzymes such as laccase, tyrosinase, polyphenol oxidase, monophenol oxidase and horse-radish peroxidase, which catalyzes to form a colour reaction (Cabaj et al. 2010; Fernandes et al. 2005).
Phosphate serves as buffer in body fluids for various metabolic processes (Hays and Swenson 1985) and is a constituent of bone, teeth, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy generation, and also involved in the synthesis of phospholipids and phosphoproteins (Soetan et al. 2013).
The first enzymes of the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway leading from two molecules of acetyl-CoA to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA alsoalso involved in the synthesis of the storage compound polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) [38], [41], [42].
However, some of them could be also involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites.
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11β-HSD, 3α-HSD, and 5α-reductase are also involved in the synthesis, as well as metabolism, of steroids.
In addition, Ca2+ is also involved in the synthesis, folding and post-translational modifications of proteins in ER.
These proteasomal degradation systems are also involved in the collagen I synthesis of HSCs [10].
Cyp19 enzymes have also been involved in the synthesis of estradiol from testosterone.
However, CADs may also be involved in the synthesis of cinnamyl alcohol derivatives responsible for fruit flavor and aroma [ 39].
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