A llama single domain antibody (dAb) library designed and constructed to contain only heavy chain antibody variable domains (VHHs) also contained a substantial number of typical conventional antibody heavy chain variable sequences (VHs).
Although these products provide the temporary energy rush consumers crave, they also contain a substantial amount of caffeine, sugar and other ingredients that can sometimes lead to serious side effects such as insomnia, an increased or irregular heartbeat, agitation, irritability and seizure, and possibly even death.
Whilst the singletons potentially contain useful lowly expressed sequences, they also contain a substantial proportion of artefacts derived from cDNA synthesis, sequencing and contamination [35].
We have previously shown that exosomes also contain a substantial amount of RNA that can be transferred from one cell to another [8].
Current exogenous surfactant drugs used to treat lung disease or injury in pediatric and adult patients also contain a substantial content of ester-linked glycerophospholipids including dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC).
Whilst the singletons potentially contain useful lowly expressed sequences, they also contain a substantial proportion of artefacts derived from cDNA synthesis, sequencing and contamination [ 50].
Energy drinks such as Gatorade had pH values of around 2.9 and they also contained a substantial amount of fermentable sugars.
The key publications by Mariani et al. (1996) and Tunney et al. (1999) therefore probably also contained a substantial percentage of false positive results, as was acknowledged by the authors in a later publication (McDowell and Patrick 2005).
The next two categories we predict will also contain a substantial fraction, which are in the PM compartment; however, this will obviously require experimental verification by interested investigators (see text for discussion).
Our emphasis on FLcDNAs and ESTs from cDNA libraries constructed from herbivore-, wound- or elicitor-treated induced spruce tissues, along with incorporating normalization to capture rare transcripts, gives a rich conifer EST resource which also apparently contains a substantial number of transcripts with no obvious sequence similarity to known angiosperm sequences.
