If one imposes no restrictions on structural rules (specifically, if one allows copying and deletion operations), unsurprisingly, one obtains the expressivity of unrestricted rewriting systems (Carpenter 1999).
When propagated in a suitable host strain, e.g. EPI300 (Epicentre), that carries trfA encoding the associated replication protein TrfA, the oriV replication origin allows copy-number to be induced to approximately 50-100 copers per host chromosome.
Applications that use the OpenClip framework can access this common area to write to and read from, allowing copy / paste between participating apps".
All the while, Mr. High School Pirate can hop on BitTorrent or Rapidshare or whatever, download the game as fast as his connection will allow, copy over a CD crack, then have to put up with none of the above.
The development of microarrays has allowed copy number analysis of the genome at a much finer resolution than was possible by cytogenetic analysis.
As an example, when allowing copy number variants to be called in only one animal, there is an increase in the CNVR estimate from 37 to 165 (unpublished data).
In many cases, even for nonmodel species, comparative genomics approaches using the phylogenetically closest available genome(s) should allow copy number estimations of each target.
Although using a finite set of possible copy number levels may be sufficient in practice, incorporating hierarchical Dirichlet processes can allow copy numbers to grow arbitrarily (Teh et al., 2006).
Genome sequencing can be utilised for detecting gene deletions and amplifications [ 13, 14] although alternative methods such as DNA microarray platforms also allow copy number variable regions of the genome to be robustly detected on a large scale.
