Recent advances in DNA technologies have allowed the sequencing of numerous parasitic species, ranging from viruses to multicellular organisms.
The high temporal resolution of the recordings allowed the sequence of spike activations to be identified in many cases, letting us measure directed, rather than undirected, connections.
This approach allowed the sequencing of extensive regions of the mtDNA genome within a broad sample group both quickly and in accordance with a limited budget.
The development of next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed the sequencing of individual genomes to become a reality, documenting the true extent of variation contained within them both with respect to sequence and structural variation.
A few years later (2002), the Sanger (dideoxy) first generation sequencing, particularly capillary approaches, allowed the sequencing of the first whole human genome, consisting of about 3 billion base pairs and over 20,000 human genes [ 78, 79].
The development of massively parallel sequencing technologies, coupled with new massively parallel DNA enrichment technologies (genomic capture), has allowed the sequencing of targeted regions of the human genome in rapidly increasing numbers of samples.
NGS sequencing has the advantage that it allows the sequencing of single molecule DNA sequences, meaning that the paternal and maternal alleles can be uniquely identified.
Relative-age mapping of alluvial fans produces a map pattern of older and younger fan surfaces that allows the sequence of fan development to be inferred, in one case suggesting a scenario different from those previously described for fans.
Some constraint problems have a combinatorial structure where the constraints allow the sequence of variables to be rotated (necklaces), if not also the domain values to be permuted (unlabelled necklaces), without getting an essentially different solution.
In QR decomposition, the triangular properties of R allow the sequence of transmitted symbols to be recovered by simple backward substitution with cancellation.
