Comparison of the geometries of β-CDPL and TPA analogs reveals that the smaller radius and bond length of carbon as compared to silicon give smaller host cross-sectional areas and allow penetration closer to the smaller rim of β-CD (H-5); therefore, the binding constants are larger than those of trimethylsilyl groups.
Due to the cytoplasmic location of the epitopes detected by commercial reagents, all assays were performed in the presence of saponin, to allow penetration of reagents to the cytoplasm.
The small size of fish larvae offers the added advantage of testing candidate molecules by directly dissolving them in small volumes of fish water; usually dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added as a solvent to allow penetration of the compounds to all tissues.
An estimated exposure of a SAM of dodecanethiolate (DDT) to 15 to 20 metastable argon atoms per DDT molecule damaged the SAM sufficiently to allow penetration of an aqueous solution of ferricyanide to the surface of the gold.
GADD45 β-I was engineered by optimizing the domain of the GADD45 β, able to bind to MKK7, and by linking it to the TAT peptide sequence, to allow penetration of biological membranes.
"They would be prepared to allow penetration through their forward units and plan to counterattack with mechanized and armored units in the second tier," this official said.
On the other hand, a copolymer containing 2 to 7 percent of a vinyl comonomer such as vinyl acetate can be solution-spun readily to fibres that soften enough to allow penetration by dyestuffs.
The lateral lobes of the male genitalia – which play the decisive role of pushing aside parts of the female genitalia to allow penetration by the median lobe, and which are known to be part of a specific lock/key system – are spectacularly different between the two genera.
Janhäll (2015) concluded that the "filtration vegetation barriers have to be dense enough to offer a large deposition surface area and porous enough to allow penetration".
