Sentence examples for allocation to defence from inspiring English sources

Thus, increasing allocation to defence against predation could have indirect costs of reduced host immunocompetence [5].

We found that increased allocation to defence against protozoan predation decreased the S. marcescens' virulence (Fig. 2a).

Moreover, because the plants in our experiment were grown in rich soil and under optimal growth conditions, it is less likely that resources would limit growth or reproduction and, therefore, constrain allocation to defence (sensu [39]).

Allocation to defence was costly for the bacterium in general, constraining the evolution for increased bacterial yield in all systems.

Furthermore, a reduction of resource allocation to defence in the new environment (where specialist herbivores are absent) would select for allocation to traits that enhance plants' competitive ability (Blossey and Notzold 1995).

For this reason, natural selection in the new environment would reduce resource allocation to defence against herbivores and favour genotypes with improved competitive abilities (i.e. increasing vegetative growth or reproductive effort) (Blossey and Notzold 1995).

This suggests that allocation to effective defence against bird predators (i.e. larger warning signal size) can trade off with immune defence against pathogenic bacteria.

However, understanding optimal resource allocation to immune defence requires also identification of its benefits, which are likely to occur only when parasites are abundant.

In terms of final size, we here find – contrary to our expectations – no clear benefit of an increased allocation to immune defence in the parasite-rich environment.

At Nanchang site, insect infection led to an increase in resources allocation to herbivory defence (including non-target insects), resulting in low production.

However, hosts that find themselves in a parasite-poor environment may, after the experimental upregulation of allocation to immune defences, simply downregulate this allocation back to regular levels.