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As mentioned previously, the goal here is to ensure adequate strength at the POIs connected to static converter-based renewable generation keeping total allocation cost of synchronous condensers as low as possible.
c ij : allocation cost of node i to facility j, which can be calculated by a predefined function of distance, demand, routing properties, etc., w 1, w 2: the weights (percentage) of covering term and allocation costs, respectively, determined by a decision maker; w 1 + w 2 = 1.
If, however, polyandry is convenient, we predict that the sex allocation cost of harassment will be mitigated by increased oviposition time gained by reducing male harassment.
Perhaps, the most salient point that can be made about this sex allocation cost of polyandry and harassment is that it is context dependent.
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In this regard, there is a current debate regarding the allocation costs of avoiding predators: To effectively avoid predation, is it more advantageous to invest in increased conspicuousness or greater noxiousness, or to allocate equally to both signal modalities?
In addition to natural selection analyses for camellia pericarp thickness, the potential resource allocation costs of thick pericarps were examined in the abovementioned four populations.
However, conclusive evidence that TPI expression in N. attenuata outweigh their costs when plants are attacked will require field experiments in which both ecological and allocation costs of defense can arise.
Further study into the mechanistic basis of this novel sex-allocation cost of multiple mating may therefore help to shed light on any adaptive value of males re-mating with recently mated females, which appear to reduce their mates' daughter production as well as that of their rivals.
Our findings instead suggest that harassment may carry its own sex allocation cost independently of re-mating, but we cannot rule out that females which initially resisted did later re-mate (potentially multiple times).
But, differences aside, both sustainability and credit ratings can and should play a vital role in transforming data into decision-relevant insights that affect everything from brand reputation to asset allocation and cost of capital.
Such allocation costs occur when large quantities of fitness-limiting resources are reserved for resistance traits.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com