This value can be explained on the one hand by the fact that North Rhine-Westphalia has an extensive wood-products and furniture manufacturing industry and therefore allocates a value of –7.9 Mt C to material substitution.
This measure comprises the following components: self-reported exhaustion, low physical activity, slow walking speed, low grip strength and weight loss (cut-offs for each component are based on that of Fried et al). 1 A total frailty score was calculated by allocating a value of 1 to each of the criteria if present, resulting in a range of 0 5.
As timeliness was only able to be calculated for outbreaks that were detected, an additional outcome variable 'adjusted timeliness' was derived to enable the generation of complete timeliness data by allocating a value of 28 days as the timeliness result if an outbreak was undetected.
Cytokine measurements below the lower limit of detection of the assays were allocated an arbitrary value of 1 ng/ml to permit intergroup statistical analysis.
To allow statistical analysis with continuous variables, the concentrations below the detection limit were allocated an arbitrary value of 10 pg/ml, representing an undetectable response, whilst results exceeding the assay's upper limit of detection were attributed the concentration corresponding to this limit.
On the basis of 360 sample points – five out of six classes counted 46 points or more and thus complied with Congalton's (1991) rule of thumb –, the percentage of correctly allocated pixels reached a value of 86.39%; thereby, the majority of classes had individual values of more than 80% – the only exception was BSA with 37 sample points and an individual accuracy of 54.1% (Table 2).
The last 3,581 (2%) of the cohort addresses had no geographic reference and were allocated a "missing value" as arsenic concentration.
Therefore, if the possible cost of link l ranges from 0 to (w_{l}^{max }) ((0 of allocating a cost value out of this range is 0. Hence, we have (CDF_{i}(w_{l}^{max })=1) for a single-element MCG i, and (CDF_{j}(w_{l^j_1}^{max },w_{l^j_2}^{max },ldots,w_{l^j_{m_j}}^{max })=1) for a multi-element MCG j.
ESR values <20 are allocated a score of 0, and ESR results >120 score 10 on the scale.
