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All samples were standardised for quality control and assigned an RNA integrity number (RIN).
The sum intensities of all samples were standardised as a ratio of Internal Control (ratio IC).
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All DNA samples were standardised to 50 ng/μL.
Processing and analysis of tumour samples were standardised for all participating centres.
The nature of the collected samples were standardised across all ages and in both studies.
Sample blanks were used to control for independent sample effects and samples were standardised to a H2O2 standard curve using a serial dilution from 50 mM to 3.125 mM.
Following quantification, DNA samples were standardised, digested with nuclease P1 (Sigma), treated with calf intestinal phosphatase and denatured.
For quantification of the PCR product, the samples were standardised with the PCR product for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
The protein concentration of supernatants was measured using a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce Endogen, Rockford, IL, USA) and samples were standardised to equal protein concentration before being analysed on SDS-PAGE.
Samples were standardised for HPRT, and quantification of the gene of interest is given by 2−ΔCt, where ΔCt is obtained by calculating the difference between Ct of the gene of interest and HPRT [ 44].
The IAAF argues that the process of taking athlete blood biological passport samples was standardised only in 2009 and indicates only changes in an athlete's profile, not definite doping.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com