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All data were standardised for age and sex.
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Due to the differing population structure within each HDSS and differences in sampling strategies, all prevalence data were standardised to the WHO standard population (17).
When the diagnosis data were standardised for age and sex, all practices showed a statistically significant difference from the standard value of 100 for at least one diagnostic group.
Beforehand, PCA data were standardised by subtracting the mean for each element and then dividing this by the standard deviation.
For the estimations, the data were standardised by subtracting the average values from the original data and dividing it by the standard deviation.
For the final clustering, the data were standardised (average zero and standard deviation one), and the k-medoids method was applied and implemented in the 'pam' function of the 'cluster' package in R (Maechler et al. 2016).
The data were standardised prey weight averaged within groups, square root transformed, a dissimilarity matrix calculated using Bray-Curtis distances, and cluster analysis performed using the average linkage method [40].
Since the usage of the search engine on Vårdguiden.se increases over time, data were standardised by dividing the counts during one season by the total number of queries to the web site during that particular season.
Data were standardised by expressing the weight of each prey item as a proportion of the total weight in each stomach, then square-root transformed, and a dissimilarity matrix calculated using Bray-Curtis distances [38].
Data were standardised using GAPDH as a housekeeping gene.
Data were standardised within years of performance, within cohorts, and within institutions.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com