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The occurrence of recombination events within homologous sequences can also significantly interfere with reliable GSPSD, since the codon evolution models commonly used to detect positive selection do not take into account recombination as a possible source of variation of homologous positions and assume all the columns of a multiple codon alignment to share the same evolutionary story [ 20].
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Secondly, we filtered out matrices that differed in length but which could, upon alignment, be shown to share a similar recognition sequence.
Research collaboration was defined as: interactions between scientists that bring two or more research groups into alignment allowing them to share resources and increase the scope of do-able scientific work.
HMMs were built from highly curated multiple alignments of proteins thought to share the same function or to be members of the same protein family.
All of the proteins from the genome sequence were also searched against the Pfam [39] (release 20.0) HMMs (hmmpfam HMMER version 2.3.2, parameters: -E 0.1 –cut_ga) and TIGRFAMs [40] (release 6.0) built from highly curated multiple alignments of proteins thought to share the same function or to be members of the same family.
Griffin wants MSNBC to be known as the home of "thoughtful people who can talk about ideas" — although he concedes that those "thoughtful people" tend to share a political alignment.
For example, rRNAs with highest scoring BLASTN alignments to eight shared OTUs were detected and included OTUs classified to the genera Novosphingobium, Propionibacterium, Pseudomonas, Pediococcus, and Staphylococcus; the families Burkholderiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (2 OTUs); and the order Actinomycetales.
With maximum likelihood the tree topology is not derived directly from the genetic distances [ 44]; significant similarity in tree topologies derived from protein sequence alignments are due to shared evolutionary history [ 44- 46].
However, given the short length of phage display peptides, using multiple sequence alignment to identify the shared motif(s) is not ideal and an alignment-free method may be less susceptible to bias.
To identify the source of the aberrant substitutions within the Bovini tribe, we compared all variable sites in the alignment to find sites shared with B. taurus at normal and aberrant positions (Table 4).
To go beyond sequence motifs and profiles, HMMs and like methodology and thus identify common function, structure, and evolution new, distinct, yet complimentary, methods must be devised: alignment-free methods that can work with textual alignment to identity similarity manifest as shared structure and function.
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