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Per-particle computational costs (i.e., preprocessing, alignment, classification, and averaging of subtomograms) are several orders of magnitude greater for SPT than for SPA.
From the negative-stain electron micrographs taken at each pH value, we apply a reference-based alignment, classification, and averaging analysis of all distinct soluble particles (Fig. 3A, inset) [21].
Various software packages are available that contain modules to perform image alignment, classification, and multi-reference alignment.
We extracted a total of 890 freestanding TRiC subvolumes from our tomograms and performed SPT (i.e., subvolume alignment, classification, and averaging).
Once a consistent initial 3D map has been obtained, the structure can be refined by further cycles of alignment, classification, and common line searching.
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Third, reference-free structural classification of the masked subtomograms is performed, which is typically based on an iterative process of subtomogram alignments, classifications and averaging (e.g. Amat et al., 2010; Bartesaghi et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2013; Förster et al., 2008; Volkmann, 2010; Xu et al., 2012).
In order to facilitate more sensitive and thorough mining, many computational methods, both alignment-based and alignment-free classification methods, were developed particularly for these proteins.
The framework can be extended to implement new alignment and classification algorithms.
Three different conformations were identified through reference-free alignment and classification of EM images.
Particles representing dimers were selected and subjected to reference-free alignment and classification by RELION (See MATERIALS AND METHODS).
This artifact produces anisotropic resolution in tomograms (Radermacher 1988) and poses one of the most critical problems for alignment and classification of subtomograms, as discussed further below.
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