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Video tracking was used to quantify alarm behaviour by measuring swimming speed and vertical position.
The study identified the bioactive compound and proposed a new class of odorants that trigger alarm behaviour in fish.
The amount of EBF applied was enough to be perceived by the aphids and to elicit the alarm behaviour under field conditions.
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Others describe alarming behaviour by some guards at the centre.
Such mutant plants overproducing the signal are further referred to as dishonest or "cry wolf" signalers, a term first used in the biological literature in relation to alarm calling behaviour of birds [8].
By making use of the alarm signalling behaviour, Bruce et al. [43] successfully reduced the aphid population in field plots using plant extracts containing 70% EBF and a slow-release point sources which probably resembled the natural emission of EBF from aphids [44].
They used video playbacks of female hens (Gallus domesticus) to show the influence of their presence on male alarm calling behaviour.
Previous research has focused on the alarm calling behaviour of adult males [ 19, 20], while the females' more quiet close range social calls have received relatively less attention [ 21].
So conceivably, the alarm-calling behaviour may evolve by between-group selection, even though within each group, selection favours monkeys that do not give alarm calls.
We examined individual variation in the alarm-calling behaviour of male fowl in naturalistic social groups.
How did the alarm-calling behaviour evolve in the first place, and why has it not been eliminated by natural selection?
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com