Nonetheless, in vivo biodistribution studies showed that PVA-modified Alg/PLGA NPs reached the deep lung, while CS-modified NPs were found in great amounts in the upper airways, lining lung epithelial surfaces.
SG-related alterations were neither present in regions of the nasal airways lined by other nasal epithelial types, including respiratory, transitional, or squamous epithelium, nor found in the lungs of exposed mice.
Altering biophysical surface properties of airway lining fluid (ALF) through an inhaled, safe anticontagion aerosol (ACA) of isotonic saline provides a novel mechanism to diminish EB.
In this context, it is important to recall that the GSH content in human airway lining fluids is 140-fold higher than in plasma and that this most important protective nucleophile is known to be of inferior significance in rats, whose anti-oxidant status is predominantly controlled by ascorbic acid [62].
In vivo studies confirmed the increased expression of TGM2 in airway cells and airway lining fluid, and demonstrate that TGM2 is avidly expressed in the asthmatic airway epithelium.
On the other hand, the collection of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a useful method to non-invasively sample airway lining fluids.
In addition, during inflammatory processes more ROS are generated by activated mast cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils that have the potential to injure airway lining cells [6], [7].
We confirmed that the TGM2 protein is increased in airway cells and airway lining fluid in the EIB positive group, and that both asthma groups have increased levels relative to a non-asthmatic control group.
Despite the presence of oxidative stress markers and a decreased antioxidant capacity in CF airway lining fluid, few studies have focused on the oxidant/antioxidant balance in CF cells.
During the first four postnatal weeks, when the mouse lung undergoes dramatic growth, we observed progressive loss of columnar Clara, ciliated, and goblet cells, resulting in an airway lined by a mixture of cuboidal and squamous epithelial cells lacking morphological and biochemical markers of normal differentiated airway.
