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The healthy lung has a range of defence mechanisms that protect the lower respiratory airways against invading microbial pathogens.
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor (SLPI), Clara Cell protein 16 (CC16), elafin and human defensin beta-2 (HBD-2) protect human airways against inflammation and oxidative stress.
Bronchiolar epithelium cells known as Clara cells are thought to help defend airways against damage; Clara cell protein (CC16) is a lung-specific protein thought to protect the respiratory tract from inflammation.
Several clinical studies have demonstrated that leukotriene modifiers are capable of protecting inflamed airways against constriction induced by different spasmogens, reducing asthma symptoms and exacerbations, as well as the need for use of rescue bronchodilators, and decreasing the level of airway inflammation.
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A deep SWS-related activation of upper airway muscles may be an endogenous phenomenon designed to protect the upper airway against collapse.
In the past, general anaesthesia (GA) has been considered as the gold standard for DCR surgery; endotracheal intubation and throat pack offer an important function as protective mechanisms of the patient's airway against blood aspiration.
Tracheal intubation provides a secured airway against aspiration; however, this method may lead to prolonged intubation and/or subsequent surgical tracheotomy because of extubation difficulty.
Blunt tracheobronchial injuries are generally located at about 2.5 cm of the carina, and they are the result of compression of the airway against the closed glottis [43].
As the muscle shortens, therefore, it not only constricts but tends to shorten the airway against an elastic load.
For example, they are involved in the innate immune defense system of the lung to protect the airway against environmental toxins [ 19].
Using intermittent positive pressure ventilation, the main adverse effects associated with BMV are stomach distension, airway leak (up to 40%), and lack of protection of the airway against aspiration [ 50].
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