These results identify PTEN as the substrate of AIF oxidoreductase and reveal a novel function for AIF in controlling tumor metastasis.
To confirm the identified candidate from the yeast two-hybrid screen, we performed a co-immunoprecipitation assay in whole-cell lysates and, using an anti-AIF antibody, we showed that endogenous MIA40 interacted with AIF in vitro.
To confirm that the over expression of this cluster induces apoptosis by caspase- independent pathway also, we next performed immunostaining to look for nuclear translocation of AIF (Apoptosis Inducing Factor) and confocal imaging was used to determine the location of AIF in HEK293T cells before and after cluster over expression.
Despite the findings on the crucial role of AIF in mitochondrial pathways of caspase-independent neuronal death, attempts for direct inhibition of AIF to achieve neuroprotective effects have not been reported and pharmacological inhibitors of AIF are not available.
To consolidate the role of AIF in metastasis, we also injected GFP-luciferase-labeled colon cancer HT29 cells with or without AIF knockdown into the spleen of mice (Figs 7J and EV5H).
To understand if AIF plays a role in the regulation of survival in β-cells, we analyzed both mRNA and protein expression of AIF in isolated mouse and human pancreatic islets.
Fasth might have remained a teacher had he not moved from Tingsryds AIF in Sweden's third division to the second division's Vaxjo Lakers in 2007.
DNA sequencing analysis substantiated the existence of AIF in the HCAECs.
AIF was barely detectable in unstimulated HCAECs; however, treatment with ox-LDL, but not with Ang II or TNF-α, significantly increased the expression of AIF in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
To assess IDIF PVC, the "true" tissue TAC C T was estimated from a mean global myocardium TAC using the AIF in Eq. 1 and 2 (omitting the V RV term).
This effectively put an end to plans to expand the AIF in France and ultimately led to severe manpower shortages that the AIF in France experienced in 1917 and 1918.
