I heartily agree with Owens, who concluded with, "Since we seem to be stuck with the word alpha, how about redefining the term so it's no longer about dominance and aggression and more in line with the leadership role that good parents exhibit.
That boys in our study were more often involved in aggression toward others is in line with other findings [ 11, 30].
Feeling that Bradman was needlessly batting Australia far beyond impregnability, Miller played with reckless aggression, rather than a measured style in line with his captain's aim of remaining undefeated.
Taken this together, present results were in line with previous findings that proactive aggression and reactive aggression are two distinct types of aggression with different underlying markers (e.g., Polman et al. 2007).
The risk of inter cat aggression within the household is likely to increase in line with an increasing feline population due to limited space and access to resources [34], [35].
This is in line with social learning principles associated with proactive aggression, which state that proactive aggression is driven by positive outcome expectancies and is controlled by its reinforcements (Dodge and Coie 1987).
This thinking was in line with Aichhorn, who thought that aggression was a normative phenomenon that yielded to positive developmental influences.
This is in line with other studies showing that aggression is based on chemical recognition cues encoded in the ants' hydrocarbon profiles [ 36, 41] and suggests that these hydrocarbon profiles have a significant genetic component [ 42- 44].
In line with this argument, the absence of aggression was not due to a complete lack of discrimination in F. paralugubris and L. austriacus, as shown by the significantly longer antennation bouts among non-nestmates [ 7, 33].
It seems more likely that the observed effect was due to an increase in aversion to harming others, in line with extensive evidence that propranolol reduces aggression (Greendyke et al., 1984 , 1986 Silver et al., 1999; Yudofsky et al., 1981).
In line with previous studies, we therefore specifically focused on physical aggression in this research.
