Women's abuse of their partners (physical assault, psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury) was positively associated with their own victimization (physical assault, psychological aggression, sexual coercion, physical assault with injury).
Nor does the Qur'an sanction aggression, religious coercion, or a perpetual state of conflict among the religions of humanity.
Using self-reports, this scale assesses incidences of psychological and physical aggression, sexual coercion, and physical injuries.
Items are summed and converted into five conflict resolution subscales: psychological aggression, sexual coercion, negation, physical assaults, and injury experiences [ 23].
aIn this paper, we use the WHO definition of IPV: 'behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual, or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, and controlling behaviors' (WHO, 2010: 11).
Intimate partner violence refers to behavior by an intimate partner that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, emotional abuse and controlling behaviors.
IPV is defined as any behaviour within a present or former intimate relationship that leads to physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviour patterns [ 5].
However, we found no independent effects of physical assault before pregnancy on postpartum mental health, after accounting for psychological aggression, sexual coercion, participant education, annual income, and relationship status.
Men's intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, defined as " any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours", is widespread [ 1, 2].
There has been increasing recognition in Slovenia of the societal implications of intimate partner violence (IPV), defined as "behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours" [ 1].
Men's intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, defined as " any behaviour within an intimate relationship that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm, including acts of physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse and controlling behaviours", is widespread and has devastating effects on the health and wellbeing of women and children [ 1– 3].
