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We observe that the relative numbers of these site types fluctuate through time, and hypothesize that the larger fluctuations indicate changing patterns of social aggregation and dispersal, and settlement abandonment and reoccupation.
When biofilms of P. aeruginosa were grown in batch culture on a polyester (PE) surface (see Material and Methods), a more detailed picture of the aggregation and dispersal process emerged.
These molecules act to coordinate aspects of development and serve as both aggregation and dispersal cues (Macosko et al., 2009; Yamada et al., 2010; Srinivasan et al., 2012).
During several rounds of social aggregation and dispersal, the game is always repeated and the long-term evolutionary outcome will depend on the fitness matrix.
Advanced forms of social behavior benefit from stable population structure, so we expect a trade-off between social aggregation and dispersal and indeed find such patterns across species.
During several cycles of social aggregation and dispersal the number of cheaters was contained by a chicken game situation, i.e. reproductive success of cheaters was high when they were in low abundance but was reduced when they were over-represented.
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While we found a trade-off between costly aggregation and local dispersal in phenotypic analyses, aggregative strains showed a dispersal polymorphism by producing either highly sedentary or long-distance dispersive cells, in contrast to less aggregative strains whose cells were monomorphic local dispersers.
Random mating is usually not a realistic assumption for fungi given the nature of fungal aggregation and local dispersal, often resulting in scale-dependent fungal virulence structure [ 39].
Aggregation and diffusion.
Silk balls can be considered a form of aggregation with protective and dispersal roles.
Superparamagnetic properties of curcumin-loaded PEGylated magnetic liposomes are important for biomedical applications to prevent aggregation and enable rapid dispersal in the absence of magnetic field.
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