This sort of evolutionary mosaicism where more advanced features first appear in multiple species rather than aggregating in a single lineage over time is becoming commonplace as we learn more about primate evolution, and serves to caution researchers against creating simple, linear models of adaptation and evolution.
We then asked whether age-associated protein deposit formation ensures the asymmetric inheritance of protein aggregates by the aging lineage.
Curiously, the loss of SDS-stable Sup35 NM aggregates from a particular lineage coincided with a loss of detectable fusion protein, as assessed by Western blot analysis, suggesting that the loss of aggregates represented an indirect consequence of a radical drop in protein levels (see 'Discussion').
Using a centrifugal forced-aggregation strategy in combination with a novel centrifugal-extraction approach as a foundation, we demonstrated that hESC input composition and inductive environment could be manipulated to form large numbers of well-defined aggregates exhibiting multi-lineage differentiation and substantially improved self-organization from single-cell suspensions.
These results show that, in the context of our model, the size and the structure of cellular aggregates affects the efficiency of lineage conversion.
ESCs were differentiated into the chondrocyte lineage, forming small cartilaginous aggregates in suspension.
Aggregates of cell progeny from one lineage or the other, called patches, form as organs and tissues develop.
The subspecies D. d. sylvatica appeared as the first derived form of the lineage with its two morphotypes aggregated in basal position.
We first tested the ability of the dsRed2+ and dsRed2- populations to generate distinct lineage derivatives using embryoid body-like aggregate (EB) formation (Tesar et al., 2007).
Mbd3 function was reported to be dispensable for ES cell growth in culture, but essential for their commitment to a full spectrum of embryonic lineages when aggregated with wild type embryos, indicating pluripotency of these cells is indeed affected [15], [32].
