Other aspects of our findings, such as the racial disparity in colorectal cancer incidence and the SES and racial disparities in colorectal cancer mortality, are consistent with prior individual-level and aggregate-level research, in that Black men and women have a higher CRC incidence and mortality compared to White men and women [ 34, 35] as identified by our ecological analyses.
Section Data and methodology describes the data sets and methodology used for the statistical analyses, and Section UNIRIO background shows an analysis of the academic entrepreneurship activities developed by academic research groups with the aggregate level of knowledge fields.
Although Boyack and Klavans [37] showed that self-citations cannot explain the strong association between citation impacts of the cited and citing papers at the aggregate level, the strong connection between current and previous top-level research in the life sciences and health sciences might partly be the result of large research programs that cite to a large extent internally.
Our estimates of associations at the aggregate level shall be the starting point for further research to examine and better understand differences in CRC incidence and mortality by sexual orientation.
Results of the research are reported only at an aggregate level, and no individual-level information is reported.
At aggregate level, the analysis attributes portions of the change in aggregate health indicators to research and research-based institutions, through several available types of logic: either through correlations between timing of institutional changes and changes in the indicators or through direct or indirect causal connections.
Historically, and taken at an aggregate level, bibliometric measures have been used as a proxy indicator of research quality, and particularly in areas, such as the biosciences, where publication output remains a key indicator of research progression.
And we have other range of research efforts to look at the value for money at the aggregate level.
Given that the current study utilized secondary data reported on the aggregate level, which is readily available in the literature, it was not necessary to obtain research ethics approval.
The current study utilized secondary data reported on the aggregate level, which is readily available in the literature; therefore, it was not necessary to obtain research ethics approval.
Previous studies using a similar focus group/dialogue approach have shown that changes in opinion about consent in research can be expected at the individual level, although not necessarily at the aggregate level.o.o
