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Metadata from individuals' phones can be used to predict aggregate-level characteristics such as access to electricity.
This includes product and process innovation, the organisational arrangements of the firm, and, at the aggregate level, the institutional characteristics of the economy, including sectoral specialisation.
In many cases it is of great interest to investigate interactions between a treatment variable observed at an aggregate level and individual characteristics (e.g. does home computer use affect achievement for boys and girls in different ways?), making this a serious limitation of the method.
The primary source of bias in this case will be the systematic changes in aggregate facility-level characteristics, such as mean demographics and comorbidities, over time.
When conclusions regarding associations in this modeling framework are drawn from the longitudinal part of the model, the same facility will effectively act as its own control over time, and the primary source of bias will be limited to systematic longitudinal changes in aggregate facility-level characteristics.
The safety of signalized intersections has often been evaluated at an aggregate level relating collisions to annual traffic volume and the geometric characteristics of the intersection.
Our aggregate level data analysis was unable to identify specific settings and characteristics which influence the effect of HS on LoS.
"But all the other systems work at the aggregate level.
On aggregate level, these changes are a good thing.
"We know on the aggregate level it works.
We aren't yet doing anything on an aggregate level.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com