Downregulation of ZO-1 or overexpression of ZONAB induced predominantly pyknotic cells that appeared to have lost polarity and formed cell aggregates compromising monolayer integrity.
Elevated levels of ROS disrupt ISC proliferation patterns by inducing division at a rate that surpasses EB differentiation, which leads to accumulation of polyploid aggregates, decreased intestinal integrity and accelerated mortality [ 5, 17, 18, 25].
The biological responses of the plant cells were quantified as relative mitochondrial activity, aggregate size and membrane integrity.
PVD2 inner cells were able to form normal aggregates with control outer layers, whereas PVD2 superficial cells lost their integrity when aggregated with control sensorial cells, indicating a failure of tight junctions in the superficial layer of PVD2 morphants.
However, most studies do not verify if these residues, used as aggregates, can maintain their integrity when subjected to the action of aggressive agents.
Fluid-mechanical sensitivity was quantified by measuring various biological parameters including regrowth ability, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, aggregate size and lysis.
Noticeably that although diffusely dispersed in the RPE layer, lipofuscin-like particles were prone to aggregate around cells of compromised integrity.
Considering all these findings, the increase in GRP78 expression and activation of the UPR are often used as indicators of ERS due to the complexity of directly measuring the ER integrity or protein aggregate levels, we hypothesize that the increase in the protein expression of GRP78 and UPR signaling proteins might actually indicate the induction of ERS in the diabetic rats.
Diluted batch cultures were grown in sterile square 1 L Nalgene bottles as single filaments with gentle bubbling, sufficient for preventing aggregates formation without harming the integrity of the filaments.
