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There has been an ongoing discussion in the econoblogosphere about the usefulness or lack thereof of "microfoundations" in macroeconomics, which in practice means trying to write down models in which aggregate behavior is justified in terms of the actions of utility-maximizing individuals with rational expectations.
By comparing groups where the aggregate behavior is publicly observable with those where it is not we can measure the size of any endogenous observation effect.
The disaggregate approach recognizes that aggregate behavior is the result of numerous individual decisions and to model individual choice responses as a function of the characteristics of the alternatives available to and socio-demographic attributes of each individual.
Remarkably, the set of nodes sustaining the observed aggregate behavior is very different from that arising in a complex but otherwise static network.
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Each outcome of these aggregate behaviors is an emergent property of a system in which each individual's action depends on a subset of others' actions, given by each individual's network of interactions.
Analysis by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) suggested it had a propensity to form aggregates in water, although the aggregation behavior was controllable by modulating solvent polarity.
One of the most common explanations for (aggregate) suicide behavior is that of societal conditions, most famously associated with Durkheim [1].
The aggregate transfer behavior is modeled as an integral operator, with a kernel specified by the transfer rules, acting on the continuum density.
Even though the dorsal embryonic tissue is extremely complex, with obvious heterogeneity, and it is capable of active forces generation either stochastically [43] or following exogenous stimulation [26], its aggregate mechanical behavior was surprisingly simple.
Knowing about how the different properties of aggregate affect concrete material behavior is vital to understanding how the concrete will perform in structural members.
In a one-way coupling approach, the capillary forces are applied to the aggregate and the mechanical behavior is simulated by Discrete Element Method (DEM) to investigate inter-particle bond responses for different drying conditions.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com