This paper investigates an application for the replacement of ageing timber transoms mounted on existing railway bridges using fibre reinforced foamed urethane (FFU) transom beams, which are proven to provide environmental, safety and financial benefits.
In forest inventories changes are generally assessed as the difference of an attribute (e.g. forest area, timber or biomass volume, stand age, timber value, carbon stock) between successive occasions [12 15].
In forest inventories changes are generally assessed as the difference of an attribute (e.g. forest area, timber or biomass volume, stand age, timber value, carbon stock) between successive occasions [ 12- 15].
Examples of wildlife management activities include: increasing the number of stands less than five years in age; harvesting mature timber and developing pine stands; and protecting lowland hardwood communities.
In contrast, when a "pulsed" harvest scenario was simulated, similar to what occurs for mountain pine beetle control, forage availability changed dramatically over time as a large cohort of harvested timber aged.
Alteration of habitats likely results in increased competition and predation rates and subsequent local population declines, so it is imperative to mitigate the effects of practices such as even-aged timber harvesting in order to conserve amphibian biodiversity.
These characteristics, in combination with the species' widespread distribution, suggest that white snakeroot flowering might prove useful as a phytometer to assay edge effects in mixed-mesophytic forests from even-aged timber harvests, forest road corridors, wildlife openings, or other activities that create large openings in the forest canopy.
By sampling larval salamanders using leaf litter bags, we assessed the impacts of even-aged timber harvest on aquatic larval salamander abundances, where it was found that larvae are negatively impacted by increased stream sedimentation and a decrease in riparian buffer width.
StochPV is a computer programme enabling the risks and uncertainties inherent in even-aged timber growing to be recognised through stochastic analysis.
