Sentence examples for age speciation from inspiring English sources

In Lake Apoyo, which is the oldest of all Nicaraguan crater lakes at 22,000 years of age, speciation into these two distinct ecotypes has occurred in situ in the form of sympatric species by ecological speciation (Barluenga et al. 2006).

The alternating expansion and contraction of the equatorial rainforest during wet and dry periods of the Ice Age promoted speciation by isolating populations of the same species that then became different subspecies and species in the process of adapting to different ecological conditions.

With the freeware DNAsp (Librado and Rozas 2009), students can estimate population genetic and demographic parameters and also develop a deeper understanding of the difference between gene genealogies and population history (i.e., that gene genealogies coalescence might predate fossil age and speciation).

The present study uses mitochondrial data, newly included taxa, and different external calibration points, to estimate the age of speciation and hybridization processes, and to test for phylogeographic relationships between Kalyptatherina from ancient islands off New Guinea, Marosatherina from SW Sulawesi, and the Malili Lakes flock.

2. Concordance with assumed ages of speciation.

The ages of speciation events were estimated using the Bayesian relaxed molecular clock as implemented in Multidivtime, following the step-by-step manual compiled by Rutschmann (2005).

The age of the speciation event between P. poissonii and P. wilsonii is approximately 0.90 ± 0.57 Mya, which falls between the Donau and Gunz glaciation in the Middle Pleistocene.

Furthermore, even with our fossil-based minimum age estimates most speciation events in East African Isolona and Monodora have a pre-Pleistocene origin indicating a lack of diversification in the East African rain forests during the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene (e.g. [ 72]).

Further experiments must be completed using longer timescales to assess the possible effects of aging on Cu speciation in mixed solid systems.

We estimated the ages of Elaenia speciation events using a mitochondrial clock rate of 2% sequence divergence/MY for reasons provided in the Discussion.

Additional data recorded included patient age, patient gender, fungal speciation, and surgical intervention, if performed.