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In addition to the chemical composition, the following properties have been mentioned [78]: primary and secondary particle size; specific surface area; impurities or doting; surface properties (zeta potential, functionalization, coating); redox potential, reactivity; particle form; crystallinity; hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity; solubility; biopersistency; age of particles.
The third factor was the mean simulated age created by taking the mean age of particles reverse-tracked from the well.
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My father, Alick Ashmore, who has died aged 93, came from a family that was at the forefront of remarkable technological changes, from the era of the horse and cart to the age of particle accelerator rings.
The average age of the particles in the simulation can be inferred by looking at distributions presented in Fig. 4. Near the exobase the lifetime of O+ and O2+ is short, <15 minutes, whereas ∼50 km above the exobase the average lifetime can be long, >40 minutes.
Because the coke content depends on the age of catalyst particles inside the reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) model mimicking turbulent fluidization while considering the age distribution of catalysts is established to predict the initial coke distribution for speeding up simulation.
The true age of the particle is much older of course.
The replacement of the solvent of GdC/SiO2 particle colloid solution with water and the aging of GdC/SiO2 particles in water at 80°C transformed the GdC/SiO2 particles to hollow particles due to the diffusion of GdC into the silica shell.
It was observed that the performance oscillated with time, suggesting that the catalytic behavior towards alcohol oxidation was greatly dependent on the aging of the particles.
The surface properties of UFPs generated at different sources and during aging of the particles are dynamically different in toxicity.
It is recommended that the dissolution rate should be measured over an interval of 3 weeks, which is compatible with the survival time of immobilized cells in culture and may reveal transformation states occurring with aging of the particles.
In fact, the only big question hanging over the advance is whether it marks the beginning of a new age of discovery in particle physics or the last hurrah for a field that has run its course.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com