Age inequities in six of the indicators increased between 2008 and 2010; nevertheless, there was no consistent pattern of changes in inequities during that period.
Studies controlling for patients' willingness found that age inequities remained, suggesting that once patients see a general practitioner or orthopaedic surgeon further barriers exist.
Education and age related inequities in the MNCH indicators were the most prominent (observed for 13 of the 19 outcomes analyzed), followed in order by wealth inequity (observed for eight indicators), and inequity due to distance from the nearest health facility (observed for seven indicators).
Models vary in the extent to which they account for changes in nonclimatic confounders such as the protective effect of adaptation, socioeconomic development, and technologic advances or, conversely, increased vulnerability through population aging and inequity in income or health care provision.
The similarity of β blocker prescribing for heart failure in care home and community residents is unexpected as we have recently shown age and socioeconomic inequity for this intervention.
Social determinants include income, education, employment, housing, nutrition, and other individual and social factors that relate to 'the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, and the inequities in power, money, and resources that give rise to them' (32).
In the follow-up survey there were bottom inequities for age and education for 13 of the 19 indicators, bottom inequities for wealth for eight indicators, and bottom inequities for distance from the nearest health facility for seven indicators.
Hospital provider characteristics did not explain the observed inequities by age, sex, deprivation, rurality, and ethnic group, suggesting causes of inequity might lie further down the care pathway at the level of the patient, general practitioner, or consultant.
Similarly, concentration indices for the other three inequity factors (age, education, and distance from a health facility) were constructed, and Wald's statistics were also applied to assess inequities and whether they had changed between the survey periods.
