Radiocarbon ages constrain the timing of this switch to ca. 26 ka, associated with a local sea-level fall of −90 m.
Ar Ar and U Pb ages constrain the back arc volcanism to have evolved between 163.9 ± 1.4 and 148.9 ± 1.2 Ma.
That is, the root node or an internal node was calibrated independently as a fixed age or constrained between two ages.
Is "Fate" the record of a lesson Emerson had not absorbed in his early writing, concerning the multiple ways in which circumstances over which we have no control — plagues, hurricanes, temperament, sexuality, old age — constrain self-reliance or self-development?
Overall, Schmidt-hammer proved to be an effective, inexpensive and versatile tool for improving the spatial resolution of Val Viola post-LGM landscape history, starting from existing numerical age constrains.
Fault reactivation age is constrained by 40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal minerals deposited during fault slip.
In Canada, older doctors were slightly more satisfied in their job (B = 0.04, p < 0.01), whereas in the U.S. younger doctors were more satisfied (B = -0.09, p < 0.01) and in Norway there was no age difference (probably due to the constrained age distribution of the sample).
The latter approach has to be seen as an attempt to reduce the range of the most likely ages for nodes constrained by the age of the fossil record securely placed and dated, and to evaluate the probability of the ages of nodes for which there is no direct fossil record.
With the stem age of Vitaceae constrained at 90.7 ± 1.0 Ma, the stem age of Vitis at 58.5 ± 5 Ma, and the divergence of V. labrusca and its closely related North American relatives at 5.75 ± 0.5 Ma, the crown age of Vitis was estimated at 28.32 Ma (95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) 41.25, 16.23), the crown age of subg.
Estimated parameters: 2 thresholds for men/women; main age effects men/women; deviation age effect men/women Model 2. Model wherein thresholds and age coefficients are constrained equal for men and women.
Also, the majority of patients in the study were 60 or more years so variation in age was markedly constrained.
