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By contrast, in Allison's view we require the temporal order of objects in space only as a backdrop against which to determine the temporal order of our experiences; "an enduring, perceivable object (or objects) is required to provide a frame of reference by means of which the succession, coexistence, and duration of appearances in a common time can be determined" (Allison 1983: 201).
Furthermore, several papers explicitly criticised the use of set criteria or standards against which to determine the quality of qualitative research [ 6, 34, 37, 46], arguing that checklists are inappropriate as they may fail to accommodate the subjectivity and creativity of qualitative inquiry.
T-test outcomes were rendered binary (1 = significant, 0 = nonsignificant) for each of the 57 frequencies and 1024 time-points, and the maximum cluster size (as defined above) emerging randomly in each iteration was calculated in order to provide a distribution against which to determine the significance of the observed cluster size.
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There is no gold standard against which to compare these results to determine which method is more accurate.
The extensive Landsat archive and available time-series methods provide a good opportunity to understand land use history and establish forest reference and emissions levels, against which to monitor change and determine the relevant time-scales over which degradation occurs.
The pattern is highly sensitive to variation, as it first determines a baseline against which to compare.
What is at stake in these arguments is "the problem of the criterion"—i.e., the problem of determining a justifiable standard against which to measure the worth or validity of judgments, or claims to knowledge.
"Comparative effectiveness" studies, which compare one treatment for a particular illness against another to determine which works better, have received a lot of attention and billions of dollars in federal support in the last few years.
The organization lived by A-B testing of its headlines, which pitted two different titles against each other to determine which was likely to garner the most clicks.
One checked the names of the Auschwitz guards against databases to determine which were still alive.
We used siRNA against ERα to determine which among the FGFR2 isoform expression requires ERα.
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