Umesaki, Y., Setoyama, H., Matsumoto, S. & Okada, Y. Expansion of axf T cell receptor-bearing intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes after microbial colonization in germ-free mice and its independence from thymus.
After bacterial colonization in epithelial cells for only one hour, both the wild-type S. Typhimurium 14028s (with insufficient AvrA expression) and the PhoPc AvrA mutant strain lacking the AvrA gene (PhoPc AvrA−) led to a down-regulation of the TJ proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 ( Fig. 1A).
After European colonization in the 15th century, multiple dog-related RV lineages have been introduced and evolved over time in the United States and elsewhere in the Americas (5, 8, 10 – 10 ).
All six measures are also influenced by potential effective dispersal events occurring after initial colonization; in the following we therefore use the term 'founder effect' to encompass the overall reduction in genetic variability in a population in a colonized area as compared with its source.
Vasa is expressed in PGCs after colonization of the gonadal ridges and in developing germ cells up until post-meiotic stages [52], and human VASA protein is most abundant in mature oocytes [53].
During the period of time at risk after colonization, bacteremia was observed in 31.5% of bacteremic and 13.0% of non-bacteremic patients.
A traditionally peaceful people, the Pueblos had endured much after New Mexico's colonization in 1598.
However, we think that the difference in the period after colonization may be responsible for the difference in expression of IFN-related genes between our study and theirs.
This has also been demonstrated in the mouse, where VASA is expressed in the germ cells immediately after colonization of the gonad, but not in migratory primordial germ cells (Toyooka et al., 2000).
Rather, the lineages result from diversification in South America after colonization ca. 23 MYA.
