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Importantly, these streetscape-scale skeleton variables have greater effect than neighborhood-scale urban form and affluence measures that are commonly used to identify desirable urban environments.
Material affluence measures the availability of the resources and goods necessary for decent living in relation to what is generally available in the society [ 16].
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The higher the level of economic affluence (measured in GDP per capita) was, the greater the likelihood of a transition to homeownership and the smaller the effect of parental homeownership.
Affluence seems measured by the number of things we can accumulate and then drag to the trash bin.
Affluence was measured by the World Bank 2001 statistics on Gross National Income (GNI) per person [ 29].
Adolescent material affluence was measured by twenty one indicators made up of three broad categories; household assets and housing characteristics; other assets; and school related indicators.
Re "A Happiness Index With a Long Reach" (Arts & Ideas pages, May 20): In post-industrial societies, where happiness and affluence parted company, measures like Marc Miringoff's social health index and William J. Bennett's morality-based cultural index provide much-needed supplementary standards to per capita gross national product.
The UN data for per capita GDP were also used in their own right, to measure affluence.
Internationally, positive correlations have been reported between childhood lymphoid leukaemia rates and measures of affluence (Feltbower et al, 2004).
Studies from the USA and UK [ 31, 32] show that the incidence of melanoma in age-matched sections of the population is higher in those with a larger income and other measures of affluence.
Although employment status and occupational social class are often used as measures of affluence, in our models where other markers of SEP were mutually adjusted for, these may more accurately reflect a measure of time available for other tasks, rather than affluence (Cheng et al., 2007).
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