Furthermore, low-bandwidth and less reliable transmission can affect the handover process and thus have a significant effect on the QoS [26, 27].
Fig. 12 Impact of AAA server delay on Handover delay of the DMHP and MHP. Figure 13 shows how different MH speeds affect the handover delay of the DMHP.
The movement of many mobile hosts at the same time to the same new point of attachment, N-PoA, is one that can affect the handover latency, packet loss, and handover-related messages.
In the second step, we validate the RMPA handover policy and design rules in the simulation platform by measuring how the scheduling of the handover process affects the performance indicators (data loss during handover).
"A technical glitch in our transition to a major new billing system affecting the automated handover of numbers between us and other network operators," it says.
The handover process affects the QoS parameters including the end-to-end delay and packet loss.
The QoS of the connection between the BS/RS and the MS is affected by the handover scanning procedure.
Consequently, end-to-end quality of service (QoS) indicators, either delay time or data loss, are significantly much affected by the handover performance[2].
In addition, the massive MAG load is not considered in their scheme, which affects the system performance in terms of handover delay.
8 Factors that may affect the quality of handover include unclear structure of the handover conversation; 9 frequent distractions; 10 inadequate documentation 11 and overreliance on documentation; 12 and a lack of training in handover and non-technical skills.
