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A non-verbal affective stimulus was presented and students' empathic responding was recorded.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained during an emotion face matching task (EFMT) and an affective stimulus expectancy task (STIMEX) were performed at baseline, one hour after initial drug administration and 28 days later.
Affective space is a theoretical system describing affective stimulus and experience and has been characterized by two principal dimensions, hedonic valence and arousal [8], [9], [10], [11].
As a method of acquiring ability to enact suicide, the basis for this proposition rests primarily on the opponent-process theory, which suggests that with repeated exposure to an affective stimulus, the reaction to that stimulus shifts over time such that the stimulus loses its ability to elicit the original response and, instead, the opposite response is strengthened [45].
Only a few standardized affective stimulus databases have been created for auditory, language, and visual materials.
Finally, dominance represents the degree of perceived control over the affective stimulus, and ranges from feeling in control to feeling out of control.
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Importantly, this model contradicts traditional models of antidepressant action in suggesting that antidepressants alter the processing of affective stimuli, rather than affecting mood directly (Robinson and Sahakian, 2008; Clark et al., 2009; Harmer et al., 2009a).
The manipulation of serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter implicated in affect, influences performance on "hot" cognitive tasks that require the processing of affective stimuli, but manipulation of affect via mood induction influences performance on "cold" cognitive tasks that do not involve affective stimuli.
Taking into consideration the findings in this study using affective stimuli and in other studies using affectively neutral stimuli [67], [68], the activity in the frontal (lateral and medial) and parietal regions is robust in the act of deception, regardless of whether the stimuli used are affectively loaded or affectively neutral.
Within this visual-limbic-prefrontal network, the amygdala is thought to play a key role in the rapid detection of facial affect and in orchestrating network integrity during evaluation of affective stimuli (Adolphs, 2008; Pessoa and Adolphs, 2010).
In other words, deception involving affective stimuli requires the collaboration of more brain regions than deception involving affectively neutral stimuli.
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