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Specificity in particular varies between studies depending upon patient population, nature of reporting and referral bias (see section "Factors affecting observed diagnostic performance"), and averages do not give a clear indication of the performance of the technique.
A number of variables related to patient medical history (comorbidities, body system disorders, and prior medication use) were also identified by the logistic regression as affecting observed adherence rates.
We use ACS TQIP, which does not include 30-day outcomes featured in the ACS NSQIP, affecting observed readmission rates.
Given the morbidity and mortality associated with CKD, persons with incident disease may be less likely to attend scheduled visits, affecting observed associations.
Another many-body mechanism, affecting observed magnetoexciton energies, is renormalization of single-particle energies due to exchange with filled Landau levels in the valence band of graphene, which was considered elsewhere [20, 21, 24, 30, 40].
This study developed an international PD regression model that applied "Crowd Theory", which incorporated many factors affecting observed PDs in 130 countries.
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Table 3 shows the measurements of skewness and kurtosis for each of the behaviors and affects observed.
As in study 2, we compared the behavior and affect observed in the first half hour of class against the second half hour (See Fig. 7).
As discussed above, these particles are likely either iron sulfates or oxides, or S8, all of which can affect observed reaction rates in various ways.
Table 4 shows the measurements of skewness and kurtosis for each of the behaviors and affects observed in study 3. Applying the rule of thumb that the ratio of skewness and kurtosis to the corresponding standard error should be within ±2.58, only four of the ten distributions had suitably low kurtosis, but all distributions were skewed beyond normality.
We assessed how fish speed and survey procedure (visibility, diver speed, survey time and dimensions) affect observed fish counts.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com