Exact(9)
Given that, as intended, the AM-rewarded groups showed a stronger AM-preference than the OCT-rewarded groups (Fig. 4A,C), this allowed us to see whether this learned difference in odour preference of the groups would affect the behavioural expression of learned behaviour in the target individuals.
We found that length of sire exposure (LSE) had no significant effects on offspring behaviour, suggesting that the two breeding protocols do not differentially affect the behavioural outcomes of interest.
However, peripheral organ alterations can also affect the behavioural phenotype.
A series of tests was performed to confirm that these patterns differentially affect the behavioural response of moths [ 22– 28].
It is indeed reported that central mechanisms of GABA ligands, administered intrathecally, equally affect the behavioural signs of neuropathy [ 46, 68].
The cilia's external environment is subject to constant change and can significantly affect the behavioural responses of ciliates and modulate ciliary beating in multicellular organisms.
Similar(51)
We could thus determine whether this difference in terms of group behaviour affects the behavioural expression of learned behaviour of the target individuals.
This study was designed to assess whether pre-spawning maternal cortisol administration and an additional stressor, here modelled by mild hyperthermia experienced during incubation, affected the behavioural responses of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) offspring when exposed to a novel environment.
The direct modification of a trait by manipulation of a single gene product constitutes prime facie evidence that the gene and its encoded protein are contributory or causal factors affecting the behavioural phenotype and the outcome in terms of dominance status.
injection was performed in the absence of an anaesthetic as anaesthesia affects the behavioural evaluation in antinociceptive effects of drugs in our experimental paradigm.
Our results show that repeated exposure of subjects to a novel hole-board apparatus greatly affects the behavioural response, and that the neophobic response experienced by subjects during the first exposure to an apparatus apparently declines over further exposures.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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